创伤纪念馆的展陈空间既要照顾观众的情感需求，也要保留历史叙事的严肃性。这一要求在参观序列末端尤为突出：观众接触历史见证后，即将结束参观，尾厅需要为反思与纪念留下空间，使离场过程与前面的展览内容保持联系。本研究因此聚焦于侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆史实厅尾厅（57–60 展区）的设计评价。Trauma-memorial exhibitions need to accommodate visitors’ emotional needs while preserving the gravity of the history presented. This is particularly important at the end of the exhibition sequence: after encountering historical testimony, visitors prepare to leave. The concluding hall of the historical exhibition provides a setting for reflection and remembrance, connecting the closing stage of a visit to the preceding narrative. This study therefore focuses on evaluating designs for this hall, Areas 57–60, at the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders.

环境心理学与神经建筑研究为理解空间形态、围合、材料及光照如何关联情感和感知恢复性提供了基础。沉浸式 VR 进一步使尚未建成的方案能够被体验和比较。但相关评价主要集中于办公、医疗、教育和自然环境；在创伤纪念馆中，观众的探索、纪念参与及对历史的理解共同构成体验，不能仅以环境是否令人愉悦来衡量。Environmental psychology and neuroarchitecture provide a basis for examining how geometry, enclosure, materials and illumination relate to affect and perceived restorativeness. Immersive VR allows proposed environments to be experienced and compared before construction. Much of this work, however, concerns offices, healthcare, education and natural settings. In trauma memorials, exploration, commemorative participation and engagement with history form part of the experience, so pleasantness alone is an insufficient criterion.

三个尾厅原型依据馆方授权的 CAD 图纸在 Rhinoceros 中建模，并在 Unity 中实现为同一应用内的交互场景，部署至 PICO 4 Ultra Enterprise 头显。各方案围绕空间界面形态与材料、纪念性交互区围合、顶部界面以及交互结果的呈现方式组织对比。Three concluding-hall prototypes were modelled in Rhinoceros using museum-authorised CAD drawings, implemented as interactive scenes in a single Unity application, and deployed to a PICO 4 Ultra Enterprise headset. They contrasted combinations of the geometry and materials of enclosing surfaces, enclosure of the commemorative interaction area, overhead cover and the way interaction outcomes were displayed.

先导实验于 2026 年 5 月 23–24 日在南京大学社会学院实验室开展。研究通过便利抽样招募 12 名心理学系学生，均无建筑、环境艺术、室内或美术专业背景。每人只体验一个原型，三组各 4 人，由实验员施测时分配，未使用预先生成的随机序列。The pilot took place on 23–24 May 2026 in a laboratory at the School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University. We recruited a convenience sample of 12 psychology students, none of whom had a background in architecture, environmental design, interior design or fine arts. Each experienced one prototype, with four participants per group assigned by the experimenter during testing, without a pre-generated randomisation sequence.

自评测量从多个维度描述体验结束时的感受。正负性情感采用 20 项 PANAS，分别计算正性和负性情感得分；状态焦虑采用 20 项 STAI-S。感知恢复性使用一份面向纪念情境的 22 项探索性问卷，结合 PRS、ROS 的改编条目与作者新增条目，涵盖疲劳、匆忙、外界关注、恢复结果和感知恢复性。其五部分组织方式及作者定义的综合分仍需验证，不能等同于原量表已验证的因子结构。Self-report measures described several dimensions of the end-of-session experience. The 20-item PANAS yielded separate positive- and negative-affect scores, and the 20-item STAI-S measured state anxiety. Perceived restorativeness was assessed with a 22-item exploratory memorial-context questionnaire combining adapted PRS and ROS items with author-added items on fatigue, haste, external attention, recovery and restorativeness. Its five-part organisation and author-defined composite require validation and do not represent the validated factor structure of either source scale.

生理测量使用消费级干电极脑电头环及厂商配套软件，每秒输出专注度、情绪和认知负荷三项专有指标。由于算法和底层原始脑电采样率未公开，研究将这些指标作为自评的补充，并按整段会话均值分析。最初的静息阶段无法可靠分离，因此未进行基线校正，结果同时涵盖历史诱导、空间探索与纪念交互。A consumer-grade dry-electrode EEG headband and its vendor software produced proprietary attention, emotion and cognitive-workload indices once per second. Because the algorithms and underlying raw-EEG sampling rate were not disclosed, these indices were treated as supplementary to self-report and analysed as whole-session means. The initial settling period could not be reliably isolated, so no baseline correction was applied; the summaries cover emotion induction using historical footage, exploration and commemorative interaction together.

12 名参与者均完成实验流程，实验期间未发生设备故障，每人均获得可分析的问卷与脑电指标数据。轨迹记录显示，参与者在自主探索和纪念交互后均到达出口长廊。脑电记录持续 185–393 秒，平均约 285 秒（4.7 分钟），覆盖完整的 VR 阶段。All 12 participants completed the procedure without device failure and provided questionnaire and EEG-index data for analysis. Trajectory records showed that every participant reached the exit corridor after exploration and commemorative interaction. EEG recordings lasted 185–393 seconds, averaging approximately 285 seconds (4.7 minutes), and covered the complete VR sequence.

这些结果表明，自主节奏的坐姿探索、具有纪念意义的交互以及参与者层面的数据采集，可以在同一实验室流程中实施。实施过程也指出了进一步比较前需要完善的环节：部分参与者寻找交互装置时需要更多引导，操作员提示及阶段记录应更加一致。实验后的观察为非正式过程，本研究未正式评估晕动症或不良事件发生率。These findings demonstrate that self-paced seated exploration, meaningful commemorative interaction and participant-level data collection can operate within one laboratory procedure. Implementation also identified refinements needed before larger comparisons: some participants required more assistance in finding the installation, calling for more consistent guidance and stage-level recording. Post-session observations were informal, and cybersickness or adverse-event incidence was not formally assessed.

本研究将空间如何被使用纳入设计评价：参与者能够在共同的体验序列中自行移动、停留和改变观看方向，并通过献花参与纪念。与仅记录空间视觉特征相比，这一流程为获取建成前的体验反馈提供了可实施的基础。自主探索与纪念交互本身对临场感、可用性和情感的影响，则仍需与匹配的被动观看条件进行比较。The study incorporated how a space is used into design evaluation: within a shared sequence, participants could move, pause and redirect their view, then take part in commemoration through flower placement. This offers an operational basis for collecting experiential feedback before construction alongside the assessment of visual qualities. The effects of exploration and commemorative interaction themselves on presence, usability and affect still require comparison with matched passive-viewing conditions.

纪念空间中的感知恢复性需要与正负性情感一并理解。原型 3 的结果提示，较高的恢复性评价可以与较强的负性情感并存；空间评价需要回应反思与纪念的意义，而非单独追求愉悦。对于建筑设计，下一步可分别考察空间界面形态与个体／集体结果呈现，以及围合、顶部界面和光照的不同组合。Perceived restorativeness in a memorial context needs to be understood alongside positive and negative affect. Prototype 3’s profile suggests that higher restorativeness ratings can coexist with stronger negative affect; evaluation should address reflection and remembrance as well as pleasantness. Further studies could examine the effects of enclosing-surface geometry and individual versus collective outcome displays, as well as test different combinations of enclosure, overhead cover and lighting.

在可自由导航和交互的 VR 实验中，参与者会自主选择路线、停留位置与交互时机。同一场景中，每个人接触空间刺激的顺序和持续时间都可能不同。要理解随之变化的生理反应，就需要知道某段记录发生在何处、哪个实验阶段，以及什么事件前后。In VR experiments that allow free navigation and interaction, participants choose their own routes, stopping points and moments of interaction. Even in the same scene, the sequence and duration of exposure to spatial stimuli may differ. Interpreting the accompanying physiological responses requires knowing where a record was captured, which phase it belongs to, and what happened before and after it.

我独立开发了这套平台，将分散的空间行为、生理记录与实验事件关联起来，并把头显外主观问卷纳入同一工作流程。平台围绕被试与会话组织数据，使现场监控、实验回看和后续整理能够连续衔接。I independently developed this platform to link spatial behaviour, physiological records and experimental events, incorporating questionnaires completed outside the headset into the same workflow. Organising data by participant and session connects live monitoring with session review and subsequent data preparation.

平台由实验环境、感知接入、数据同步、存储管理和分析五层组成。各模块通过会话标识与时间信息保持关联：场景产生行为和事件记录，设备输入生理数据，同步与存储模块将它们组织为可追溯、可导出的实验记录。The platform comprises five layers: the experimental environment, sensing, synchronisation, storage and analytics. Session identifiers and timing information link the modules. The scene generates behavioural and event records, devices supply physiological data, and the synchronisation and storage layers organise them into records that can be traced and exported.

操作员在同一界面查看头显第一人称画面、平面轨迹、头部朝向和阶段时间线，跟踪参与者的移动、转向、停留与交互。阶段转换和交互事件随会话保存；现场观察到的动作、发声或设备异常也可人工标记，便于回看时定位需要核查的片段。The dashboard combines the live first-person headset view, floor-plan trajectories, head orientation and a phase timeline. Operators can follow movement, turning, pauses and interactions while phase transitions and interaction events are saved with the session. Observed movements, vocalisations or equipment issues can also be annotated to locate intervals for later review.

平台实时接入 EEG、EDA 等生理信号及 HRV 指标，并通过统一时间戳与 VR 行为、实验阶段和事件记录对齐。围绕同一时间片段查看各通道变化，可以将生理记录对应到参与者当时经历的场景与交互，为后续指标提取和联合分析提供依据。The platform receives physiological data in real time, including EEG and EDA signals and HRV measures, and aligns them with VR behaviour, experimental phases and events using a common timestamp framework. Reviewing channels over the same interval places physiological records in the context of the scenes and interactions experienced by the participant, supporting later feature extraction and joint analysis.

实验前，登记被试、选择空间原型并建立会话，检查头显画面、空间位置与各生理通道的连接和记录状态，再按实验方案完成准备与操作熟悉。Before the experiment, the operator registers the participant, selects a spatial prototype and creates a session. The headset view, spatial position, and connection and recording status of the physiological channels are checked before preparation and familiarisation proceed according to the protocol.

施测时，以纪念馆尾厅场景为例，操作员跟踪历史影像观看、空间探索、纪念性交互与离场的过程，同时观察生理数据，并按需补充现场标记。In an experiment set in the museum’s concluding hall, the operator follows the participant through historical footage, spatial exploration, commemorative interaction and departure, while monitoring physiological data and adding annotations as needed.

结束后，参与者摘下头显填写网页问卷，回答与对应会话关联保存。操作员结合录像、阶段与事件记录核对过程，随后按场次导出数据并整理备份。After the experiment, the participant removes the headset and completes web-based questionnaires, with responses linked to the session. The operator checks the recording alongside phase and event records, then exports and backs up the session data.

记录按被试、会话和空间原型归档，既可回看一次实验，也可汇总不同被试的数据。在纪念空间 VR 先导研究中，空间轨迹用于观察各原型中的移动与停留，主观问卷与 EEG 设备派生指标用于描述体验差异。过程记录与结果指标保持关联，让比较能够回到具体的空间行为与实验语境。Records are organised by participant, session and spatial prototype for both individual-session review and aggregation across participants. In the memorial-space VR pilot, spatial trajectories were used to examine movement and pauses, while questionnaire responses and device-derived EEG indicators described differences in experience. Keeping process records linked to outcome measures allows comparisons to be considered in their spatial and experimental context.

研究基于鲁安东教授团队于 2019 年开展的纪念馆空间情感传达评估，以及我在 2025 年参与的空间、情绪与行为现场研究。作为历史展陈的结束空间，尾厅既收束参观流线，也容纳停留、反思与纪念表达，衔接历史记忆与对和平的思考。The study builds on assessments of emotional communication in the museum conducted by Professor Andong Lu’s team in 2019, and field research on space, emotion and behaviour in which I participated in 2025. As the final space in the historical exhibition, the hall brings the visitor route to a close while accommodating pauses, reflection and commemoration, linking historical memory with reflection on peace.

前期评估显示，尾厅部分展项与留言区域获得的关注和参与相对有限，而实际参与交互的观众呈现出较强的情绪反应。现场录像还记录了家庭共同参观、拍照、短暂停留与倚墙休息等行为。这些活动与观看展陈、通行和纪念性交互共享有限空间，使研究进一步关注：影响选择与体验的空间条件，如何同时支持个体停留、交互，以及多人使用时的通行、可达性与空间利用。Earlier assessments found relatively limited attention to and participation in some exhibits and the message area, alongside stronger emotional responses among visitors who engaged in interaction. Field recordings also documented family visits, photography, brief pauses and resting against walls. These activities share limited space with exhibit viewing, circulation and commemorative interaction. The research therefore examines which spatial conditions shape visitors’ choices and experiences, and how spaces for individual pauses and interaction can also accommodate circulation, accessibility and collective use.

现场调研与文献用于确定空间属性，作为离散选择实验的比较条件。现场施测后，将通过估计观众偏好及属性间的交互作用，再结合后续方案比较，筛选具有代表性的空间原型，使后续体验评价建立在现场需求与选择证据之上。Site observations and the literature first inform the spatial attributes compared in a discrete choice experiment. Estimates of visitor preferences and interactions between attributes, together with further design comparisons, will guide the selection of representative spatial prototypes, grounding subsequent experience evaluation in on-site needs and choice evidence.

以纪念馆平面与屋顶 CAD 图纸为基础，结合全景影像和现场照片，建立尾厅及相邻空间的数字模型。建模覆盖入口、留言区、和平主题展墙、廊桥及顶部界面，将现场的空间边界和主要构件转化为后续方案比较的共同基底。A digital model of the concluding hall and adjoining spaces was developed from the museum’s floor and roof CAD drawings, panoramic imagery and site photographs. It includes the entrance, message area, peace-themed display wall, bridge and overhead boundaries, providing a shared spatial base for subsequent comparisons.

首轮问卷面向纪念馆现场观众，在参观情境中通过电子问卷呈现选择任务。每题包含“方案 A”“方案 B”与“都不愿意”三个选项，以整体和近景图配合展示空间差异；两个方案共有的属性在题面中弱化，便于观众聚焦真正需要权衡的条件。The first-round questionnaire is designed for visitors on site at the museum, using an electronic questionnaire to present choice tasks within the visit context. Each task offers Alternative A, Alternative B and neither, with overall and close-up images showing spatial differences. Shared attributes are visually deemphasised so visitors can focus on the conditions that differ between alternatives.

下一步将进行现场数据收集与偏好分析，随后推进空间原型筛选、正式 VR 评估与群体仿真。The next steps are field data collection and preference analysis, followed by spatial prototype selection, formal VR evaluation and crowd simulation.

已完成的交互式 VR 先导研究和自主开发的数据集成平台，为后续实验提供场景搭建、过程监控和数据管理方面的基础。The completed interactive VR pilot and independently developed data integration platform provide a foundation for scene development, experiment monitoring and data management.