创伤纪念馆的展陈空间既要照顾观众的情感需求，也要保留历史叙事的严肃性。这一要求在参观序列末端尤为突出：观众接触历史见证后，即将结束参观，尾厅需要为反思与纪念留下空间，使离场过程与前面的展览内容保持联系。本研究因此聚焦于侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆史实厅尾厅（57–60 展区）的设计评价。Trauma-memorial exhibitions need to accommodate visitors’ emotional needs while preserving the gravity of the history presented. This is particularly important at the end of the exhibition sequence: after encountering historical testimony, visitors prepare to leave. The concluding hall of the historical exhibition provides a setting for reflection and remembrance, connecting the closing stage of a visit to the preceding narrative. This study therefore focuses on evaluating designs for this hall, Areas 57–60, at the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders.

环境心理学与神经建筑研究为理解空间形态、围合、材料及光照如何关联情感和感知恢复性提供了基础。沉浸式 VR 进一步使尚未建成的方案能够被体验和比较。但相关评价主要集中于办公、医疗、教育和自然环境；在创伤纪念馆中，观众的探索、纪念参与及对历史的理解共同构成体验，不能仅以环境是否令人愉悦来衡量。Environmental psychology and neuroarchitecture provide a basis for examining how geometry, enclosure, materials and illumination relate to affect and perceived restorativeness. Immersive VR allows proposed environments to be experienced and compared before construction. Much of this work, however, concerns offices, healthcare, education and natural settings. In trauma memorials, exploration, commemorative participation and engagement with history form part of the experience, so pleasantness alone is an insufficient criterion.

这里还存在一项实施层面的挑战：如何让参与者按自己的节奏探索空间，并完成有场所意义的纪念行动，同时维持支持生理记录的实验条件？相较于以被动观看为主的暴露方式，本研究将手柄导航与虚拟献花纳入坐姿 VR 流程。在开展更大规模的方案比较之前，先检验这一流程能否顺利运行并获得可分析的数据。This creates a practical methodological challenge: how can participants explore at their own pace and perform a meaningful commemorative action within conditions that support physiological recording? The study incorporated controller navigation and virtual flower placement into a seated VR protocol, extending the experience beyond passive viewing. Before larger comparisons of spatial designs, the pilot examined whether this sequence could be completed and yield usable data.

研究的首要目标是评估运行可行性，包括实验流程能否完成、问卷与脑电指标是否能够获取，以及实施过程中有哪些环节需要完善。为此，研究将自主探索、献花触发点灯、可穿戴脑电记录和暴露后问卷整合到同一流程中，并使用操作员平台监控实验与管理参与者数据。The primary objective was operational feasibility: whether participants could complete the protocol, whether questionnaire and EEG-index data could be obtained, and which implementation issues required refinement. The protocol combined self-paced exploration, flower-triggered lighting, wearable EEG recording and post-exposure questionnaires, supported by an operator dashboard for monitoring and participant-level data management.

在此基础上，研究对三个多属性空间原型进行次级探索性比较，描述体验结束后的正负性情感、状态焦虑、感知恢复性及整段会话脑电指标。原型比较用于提出后续建筑设计问题，自评与脑电指标的关联则为下一步测量选择提供线索。这些分析服务于方法和原型迭代，结论保留先导研究的范围。Secondary exploratory analyses then described positive and negative affect, state anxiety, perceived restorativeness and whole-session EEG indices across three multi-attribute spatial prototypes. Prototype comparisons identified questions for later architectural studies, while associations between self-report and EEG indices informed future measurement choices. These analyses supported refinement of the method and prototypes within the scope of a pilot study.

三个尾厅原型依据馆方授权的 CAD 图纸在 Rhinoceros 中建模，并在 Unity 中实现为同一应用内的交互场景，部署至 PICO 4 Ultra Enterprise 头显。各方案围绕空间界面形态与材料、纪念性交互区围合、顶部界面以及交互结果的呈现方式组织对比。Three concluding-hall prototypes were modelled in Rhinoceros using museum-authorised CAD drawings, implemented as interactive scenes in a single Unity application, and deployed to a PICO 4 Ultra Enterprise headset. They contrasted combinations of the geometry and materials of enclosing surfaces, enclosure of the commemorative interaction area, overhead cover and the way interaction outcomes were displayed.

原型 1 采用棱角木质界面，纪念性交互区围合，上方设带采光开口的顶部界面，呈现个体纪念结果。原型 2 采用开敞的棱角石质界面，无顶部界面，呈现预设的集体排列。原型 3 同样开敞、无顶部界面，但采用曲面石质界面并呈现个体结果。三个原型中的参与者操作保持一致：放置虚拟菊花后触发灯光响应。Prototype 1 used angular timber surfaces, an enclosed interaction area and an overhead plane with a skylight, displaying an individual outcome. Prototype 2 used an open setting with angular stone surfaces without an overhead plane and displayed a preconfigured collective arrangement. Prototype 3 also had an open layout with no overhead plane, but used curved stone surfaces and displayed an individual outcome. The participant action was identical in all three: placing a virtual chrysanthemum triggered a lamp-lighting response.

这些原型用于比较设计组合，而非单独隔离某一空间属性。原型 2 与 3 的材料、围合和顶部条件相同，但界面形态与结果呈现同时变化；原型 1 的顶部界面也遮挡了部分共同环境光，使围合与场景亮度共同变化。理解这些组合关系，是解读后续结果的前提。The prototypes compared design configurations rather than isolating one spatial attribute. Prototypes 2 and 3 shared material, enclosure and overhead conditions, but differed in both geometry and outcome display. Prototype 1’s overhead plane also blocked part of the shared environmental illumination, coupling enclosure with scene brightness. These combined differences are central to interpreting the results.

先导实验于 2026 年 5 月 23–24 日在南京大学社会学院实验室开展。研究通过便利抽样招募 12 名心理学系学生，均无建筑、环境艺术、室内或美术专业背景。每人只体验一个原型，三组各 4 人，由实验员施测时分配，未使用预先生成的随机序列。The pilot took place on 23–24 May 2026 in a laboratory at the School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University. We recruited a convenience sample of 12 psychology students, none of whom had a background in architecture, environmental design, interior design or fine arts. Each experienced one prototype, with four participants per group assigned by the experimenter during testing, without a pre-generated randomisation sequence.

每场实验单独进行。参与者在了解研究内容并提供口头知情同意后，保持坐姿佩戴脑电头环和 VR 头显。确认电极连接后，先观看约 30 秒灰色画面进行静息调适，再练习手柄移动、转向和交互，直至熟悉操作。自然头部运动控制观察方向，空间移动则由手柄完成。Sessions were conducted individually. After being briefed and providing verbal informed consent, participants remained seated while wearing the EEG headband and VR headset. Following electrode-contact checks, they viewed a grey screen for approximately 30 seconds, then practised controller navigation and interaction until comfortable. Natural head movements controlled viewing direction, while the controller provided virtual movement.

随后，参与者在模拟前序展厅观看约 90 秒南京大屠杀历史影像，以近似前序展览形成的情感语境，再进入被分配的尾厅原型，自行决定移动、停留与观察的节奏。在交互装置处放置虚拟菊花后，灯光被点亮，出口长廊的空间化钟声提示完成并引导离场。实验员全程通过平台观察 VR 画面和位置，按需提供口头引导。Participants then viewed approximately 90 seconds of historical footage of the Nanjing Massacre in a simulated preceding exhibition hall, intended to approximate the affective context of the earlier exhibition. They entered the assigned concluding hall and chose when to move, pause and look around. Placing a virtual chrysanthemum at the installation triggered the light; a spatialised bell from the exit corridor signalled completion and guided departure. The operator monitored the VR view and position throughout, providing verbal guidance as needed.

上述五个阶段连续记录脑电。离场后，参与者摘下头显与脑电头环，立即通过实验平台完成三份问卷，构成第六阶段。问卷在头显外施测；论文分析对应这一 5 月实验流程。EEG was recorded continuously during these five stages. After departure, participants removed the headset and EEG headband and immediately completed three questionnaires through the dashboard as the sixth stage. Questionnaires were administered outside VR; the paper’s analyses refer to this May procedure.

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自评测量从多个维度描述体验结束时的感受。正负性情感采用 20 项 PANAS，分别计算正性和负性情感得分；状态焦虑采用 20 项 STAI-S。感知恢复性使用一份面向纪念情境的 22 项探索性问卷，结合 PRS、ROS 的改编条目与作者新增条目，涵盖疲劳、匆忙、外界关注、恢复结果和感知恢复性。其五部分组织方式及作者定义的综合分仍需验证，不能等同于原量表已验证的因子结构。Self-report measures described several dimensions of the end-of-session experience. The 20-item PANAS yielded separate positive- and negative-affect scores, and the 20-item STAI-S measured state anxiety. Perceived restorativeness was assessed with a 22-item exploratory memorial-context questionnaire combining adapted PRS and ROS items with author-added items on fatigue, haste, external attention, recovery and restorativeness. Its five-part organisation and author-defined composite require validation and do not represent the validated factor structure of either source scale.

生理测量使用消费级干电极脑电头环及厂商配套软件，每秒输出专注度、情绪和认知负荷三项专有指标。由于算法和底层原始脑电采样率未公开，研究将这些指标作为自评的补充，并按整段会话均值分析。最初的静息阶段无法可靠分离，因此未进行基线校正，结果同时涵盖历史诱导、空间探索与纪念交互。A consumer-grade dry-electrode EEG headband and its vendor software produced proprietary attention, emotion and cognitive-workload indices once per second. Because the algorithms and underlying raw-EEG sampling rate were not disclosed, these indices were treated as supplementary to self-report and analysed as whole-session means. The initial settling period could not be reliably isolated, so no baseline correction was applied; the summaries cover emotion induction using historical footage, exploration and commemorative interaction together.

操作员平台实时接收 VR 视角及位置，承担实验监控、头显外问卷和逐参与者数据管理。脑电由独立软件采集，导出和离线处理后再关联至相应参与者与会话记录，因此只能进行参与者层面的数据关联。本次未采集心率变异（HRV）、皮肤电或眼动数据，平台中的相关面板标记为 MOCK，作为未来扩展的演示界面。The operator dashboard received the live VR view and position and supported monitoring, questionnaires outside VR and participant-level data management. EEG was acquired in separate software, exported and processed offline before being linked to the corresponding participant and session. This supported participant-level association only. Heart-rate variability (HRV), electrodermal activity and eye tracking were not collected; their dashboard panels were marked MOCK as demonstrations of planned extensions.

每组仅 4 人，因此统计分析重点是描述差异的方向与幅度。研究计算各组描述统计和经偏差校正的 Hedges’ g，并用 Spearman 等级相关探索自评与脑电指标之间的关联。后续样本量规划采用常规效应量情景，避免直接将不稳定的先导估计作为招募依据。With only four participants per group, statistical analysis emphasised the direction and magnitude of observed differences. The study reported descriptive statistics and bias-corrected Hedges’ g, and used Spearman rank correlations to explore associations between self-report and EEG indices. Future sample-size scenarios used conventional assumed effects rather than relying directly on unstable pilot estimates.

12 名参与者均完成实验流程，实验期间未发生设备故障，每人均获得可分析的问卷与脑电指标数据。轨迹记录显示，参与者在自主探索和纪念交互后均到达出口长廊。脑电记录持续 185–393 秒，平均约 285 秒（4.7 分钟），覆盖完整的 VR 阶段。All 12 participants completed the procedure without device failure and provided questionnaire and EEG-index data for analysis. Trajectory records showed that every participant reached the exit corridor after exploration and commemorative interaction. EEG recordings lasted 185–393 seconds, averaging approximately 285 seconds (4.7 minutes), and covered the complete VR sequence.

这些结果表明，自主节奏的坐姿探索、具有纪念意义的交互以及参与者层面的数据采集，可以在同一实验室流程中实施。实施过程也指出了进一步比较前需要完善的环节：部分参与者寻找交互装置时需要更多引导，操作员提示及阶段记录应更加一致。实验后的观察为非正式过程，本研究未正式评估晕动症或不良事件发生率。These findings demonstrate that self-paced seated exploration, meaningful commemorative interaction and participant-level data collection can operate within one laboratory procedure. Implementation also identified refinements needed before larger comparisons: some participants required more assistance in finding the installation, calling for more consistent guidance and stage-level recording. Post-session observations were informal, and cybersickness or adverse-event incidence was not formally assessed.

原型 1 的状态焦虑高于原型 2 和 3（Hedges’ g 分别为 0.91 和 1.17），负性情感也较高，整段会话脑电情绪指数则更低。这一反应特征伴随围合木质界面、顶部遮挡与较低场景亮度的组合出现，尚不能确定其中哪一项属性起主要作用。Prototype 1 showed higher state anxiety than Prototypes 2 and 3 (Hedges’ g = 0.91 and 1.17, respectively), higher negative affect and a lower whole-session EEG emotion index. This profile accompanied a combination of enclosing timber surfaces, an overhead plane and reduced scene brightness; it does not establish which attribute contributed most.

原型 3 相比原型 2，正性情感与感知恢复性均值更高，同时负性情感也更高，状态焦虑相近。以恢复性综合分为例，两组均值相差 12 分，但小于各自标准差（16.5 与 21.9），个体差异仍然明显。因而这些均值描述了一组值得进一步检验的反应特征，而非稳定的方案优劣排序。Compared with Prototype 2, Prototype 3 had higher mean positive-affect and perceived-restorativeness scores, alongside higher negative affect and similar state anxiety. The 12-point difference in the restorativeness composite was smaller than the groups’ standard deviations of 16.5 and 21.9, illustrating substantial individual variation. These means describe a response profile for further study rather than a stable ranking of the designs.

跨模态分析中，恢复性综合分与脑电情绪指数的 Spearman 相关为 r = 0.50，近似 95% 置信区间为 −0.1 至 0.8。该估计来自 15 项探索性相关分析，区间较宽；它为后续测量研究提出了检验对象，尚不足以确立生理验证关系。认知负荷指标变化很小，论文保留其描述统计，但不据此作实质性解释。Across modalities, the restorativeness composite and EEG emotion index had a Spearman correlation of r = 0.50, with an approximate 95% confidence interval of −0.1 to 0.8. This estimate emerged from 15 exploratory correlations and had a wide interval, identifying a relationship for further measurement research rather than establishing physiological validation. The workload index showed little variation; its descriptive values were retained without substantive interpretation.

本研究将空间如何被使用纳入设计评价：参与者能够在共同的体验序列中自行移动、停留和改变观看方向，并通过献花参与纪念。与仅记录空间视觉特征相比，这一流程为获取建成前的体验反馈提供了可实施的基础。自主探索与纪念交互本身对临场感、可用性和情感的影响，则仍需与匹配的被动观看条件进行比较。The study incorporated how a space is used into design evaluation: within a shared sequence, participants could move, pause and redirect their view, then take part in commemoration through flower placement. This offers an operational basis for collecting experiential feedback before construction alongside the assessment of visual qualities. The effects of exploration and commemorative interaction themselves on presence, usability and affect still require comparison with matched passive-viewing conditions.

纪念空间中的感知恢复性需要与正负性情感一并理解。原型 3 的结果提示，较高的恢复性评价可以与较强的负性情感并存；空间评价需要回应反思与纪念的意义，而非单独追求愉悦。对于建筑设计，下一步可分别考察空间界面形态与个体／集体结果呈现，以及围合、顶部界面和光照的不同组合。Perceived restorativeness in a memorial context needs to be understood alongside positive and negative affect. Prototype 3’s profile suggests that higher restorativeness ratings can coexist with stronger negative affect; evaluation should address reflection and remembrance as well as pleasantness. Further studies could examine the effects of enclosing-surface geometry and individual versus collective outcome displays, as well as test different combinations of enclosure, overhead cover and lighting.

研究结论受到样本和设计范围的限制。12 人为背景相近的便利样本，且由实验员分组，结果向真实纪念馆访客推广仍需检验。多个属性同时变化，场景未进行光度校准，也限制了单一空间要素的因果解释。问卷仅在体验后完成，尚不能区分参与者原有差异与参观过程中的情绪变化；改编恢复性工具的结构与效度同样需要进一步评估。The findings are bounded by the sample and study design. The 12 participants formed a relatively homogeneous convenience sample and were assigned to groups by the experimenter. The generalisability of the findings to museum visitors therefore remains to be established. Simultaneous changes in attributes and the absence of photometric calibration also limit causal interpretation of individual spatial features. Post-exposure-only questionnaires cannot distinguish pre-existing differences from changes during the visit, and the adapted restorativeness instrument needs further structural and construct validation.

测量层面的下一步是建立共享时间戳、事件标记和分阶段时长记录，将历史诱导与尾厅探索、交互期间的反应区分开来，并采用可获取原始信号、处理过程透明的生理测量。结合更大且更多样的样本、一致的引导和更明确的变量控制，才能从本次运行可行性验证进一步推进到更有解释力的设计比较。The next measurement priority is shared timestamps, event markers and stage-level duration records to distinguish responses during the historical-footage phase from those during exploration and interaction, together with access to raw signals and transparent physiological processing. Larger and more diverse samples, consistent guidance and clearer control of design variables would allow this feasibility work to develop into more interpretable comparisons of spatial designs.

在可自由导航和交互的 VR 空间实验中，参与者会自主选择移动路线、停留位置与交互时机。即使体验同一场景，不同个体接触空间刺激的顺序和持续时间也会不同，生理反应则随这一过程持续变化。将这些变化与当时的空间位置、实验阶段及具体事件对应，是开展分阶段比较与事件相关分析的基础。In VR spatial experiments that allow navigation and interaction, participants choose their own routes, stopping points and moments of interaction. Even within the same scene, the sequence and duration of exposure to spatial stimuli vary between individuals, while physiological responses change throughout the experience. Linking these changes to spatial position, experimental phases and specific events provides the context for phase-based comparisons and event-related analyses.

为连接空间刺激、行为过程与生理反应，我独立开发了这一平台，并将头显外主观问卷纳入同一工作流程。统一的被试与会话管理，使一次实验的记录能够完整关联，也减少了跨被试整理时反复匹配文件与时间信息的工作。I independently developed this platform to connect spatial stimuli, behaviour and physiological responses, incorporating questionnaires completed outside the headset into the same workflow. Shared participant and session records link the components of each experiment and reduce repeated matching of files and timing information when preparing data across participants.

平台将实验环境、感知接入、数据同步、存储管理与分析组织为五层，各模块通过会话标识和时间信息保持关联。从场景运行到数据导出，实验记录沿同一条数据流程传递，便于追溯不同设备与操作环节产生的信息。The platform organises the experimental environment, sensing, synchronisation, storage and analytics into five layers, linked by session identifiers and timing information. Records follow a continuous data flow from scene operation to export, allowing information from different devices and procedural steps to be traced to its source.

主控界面将头显第一人称画面、平面轨迹和阶段时间线并置，使操作员能够结合空间语境观察移动、转向、停留与交互过程。阶段转换与交互事件随会话保存；现场出现的动作、发声或设备异常也可人工标记，便于回看时定位需要核查的片段。The dashboard brings together the first-person headset view, movement trajectories overlaid on a floor plan, and the phase timeline, allowing the operator to observe movement, turning, pauses and interactions in their spatial context. Phase transitions and interaction events are saved with the session. Movements, vocalisations or equipment issues observed on site can also be annotated to locate intervals for subsequent review.

平台实时接入并呈现 EEG、HRV、EDA 等生理数据，通过统一时间戳与 VR 行为和事件记录对齐。操作员可围绕同一时间片段查看不同通道的变化，将生理信号放回参与者实际经历的场景与交互过程之中，为后续指标提取和联合分析准备数据。The platform receives and displays EEG, HRV, EDA and other physiological data in real time, aligning them with VR behaviour and event records through a common timestamp framework. Operators can examine changes across channels over the same interval, relating physiological signals to the scene and interactions the participant experienced and preparing the data for feature extraction and joint analysis.

实验前，操作员登记被试、选择空间原型并建立会话，检查头显画面、空间位置与各生理通道的连接和记录状态，再按实验方案完成准备与操作熟悉。Before the experiment, the operator registers the participant, selects a spatial prototype and creates a session. The headset view, spatial position, and connection and recording status of the physiological channels are checked before preparation and familiarisation proceed according to the protocol.

施测时，以纪念馆尾厅场景为例，操作员跟踪参与者从历史影像观看、空间探索到纪念性交互与离场的过程，同时观察生理数据变化，并按需补充现场标记。In an experiment set in the museum’s concluding hall, the operator follows the participant from viewing historical footage through spatial exploration, commemorative interaction and departure, while monitoring physiological changes and adding annotations as needed.

结束后，参与者摘下头显填写网页问卷，回答与对应会话关联保存。操作员结合录像、阶段和事件记录核对实验过程，随后按场次导出数据并整理备份。After the experiment, the participant removes the headset and completes web-based questionnaires, with responses linked to the corresponding session. The operator reviews the recording alongside phase and event records, then exports and backs up the session data.

平台以被试、会话和空间原型组织记录，支持从单次实验回看过渡到跨被试数据汇总。在纪念空间 VR 先导研究中，空间轨迹用于观察不同原型中的移动与停留，主观问卷与 EEG 设备派生指标用于描述体验差异。将过程记录与结果指标关联，使后续比较能够回到具体的空间行为与实验语境。The platform organises records by participant, session and spatial prototype, supporting both individual-session review and aggregation across participants. In the memorial-space VR pilot, spatial trajectories were used to examine movement and pauses across prototypes, while questionnaire responses and device-derived EEG indicators described differences in experience. Linking process records with outcome measures allows subsequent comparisons to be considered in their spatial and experimental context.

研究缘起于鲁安东教授团队于 2019 年开展的纪念馆空间情感传达评估，以及我在 2025 年参与的空间、情绪与行为现场研究。史实厅尾厅承接前段历史叙事，既是参观流线的收束，也是观众停留、反思与表达纪念的场所，其空间组织关系到历史记忆如何过渡到对和平的思考。The study builds on assessments of emotional communication in the museum conducted by Professor Andong Lu’s team in 2019, and field research on space, emotion and behaviour in which I participated in 2025. As the final space in the historical exhibition, the hall offers a place to pause, reflect and commemorate. Its spatial organisation shapes the transition from engaging with historical memory to reflecting on peace.

前期评估显示，尾厅部分展项与留言区域获得的关注和参与相对有限，而实际参与交互的观众呈现出较强的情绪反应。现场录像中还可观察到家庭共同参观、拍照、短暂停留与倚墙休息等行为；这些活动与观看展陈、通行和纪念性交互共享有限空间，形成了需要协调的使用需求。Earlier assessments found relatively limited attention to and participation in some exhibits and the message area, alongside stronger emotional responses among visitors who engaged in interaction. Field recordings also documented family visits, photography, brief pauses and resting against walls. These activities share limited space with exhibit viewing, circulation and commemorative interaction, creating competing demands that spatial design needs to address.

因此，研究从尾厅的具体使用问题出发，追问哪些空间条件影响观众的选择与体验，以及适合个体停留和交互的空间，在多人同时使用时能否兼顾通行、可达性与空间利用。The research therefore starts from the practical use of the concluding hall: which spatial conditions influence visitors’ choices and experiences, and can spaces that support individual pauses and interaction also accommodate circulation, accessibility and shared use?

研究以空间偏好筛选、VR 个体评估和群体智能体仿真构成连续的证据链。首先依据现场调研与文献提取空间属性，通过离散选择实验估计偏好及属性间的交互作用，再结合后续方案比较，筛选具有代表性的空间原型。The research links spatial preference elicitation, individual VR evaluation and agent-based crowd simulation. Site investigation and literature inform the spatial attributes; a discrete choice experiment estimates preferences and interactions between attributes, followed by further comparisons to select representative spatial prototypes.

随后计划将这些原型转化为可导航、可交互的 VR 场景，结合 EEG、HRV、EDA 等生理指标、移动与停留记录，以及体验结束后在头显外完成的问卷，比较个体的情绪与行为反应。在此基础上，利用实验获得的行为信息构建智能体模型，考察不同布局下的通行、停留、拥挤与空间利用。The selected prototypes will then be developed into navigable, interactive VR scenes. Physiological measures such as EEG, HRV and EDA, movement trajectories and dwell-time records, and questionnaires completed outside the headset after the experience will be used to compare individual emotional and behavioural responses. Behavioural information from the experiments will subsequently inform agent-based models of movement, stopping behaviour, congestion and space use across layouts.

个体体验与群体使用的证据最终汇合到设计层面，为纪念性交互单元的位置、数量、间距及流线组织提供优化建议，并通过仿真比较检视调整后的空间表现。Evidence on individual experience and collective use will inform recommendations for the location, number and spacing of commemorative interaction units and the organisation of circulation. Simulation comparisons will examine how these adjustments affect spatial performance.

以纪念馆平面与屋顶 CAD 图纸为基础，结合全景影像和现场照片，建立尾厅及相邻空间的数字模型。建模覆盖入口、留言区、和平主题展墙、廊桥及顶部界面，将现场的空间边界和主要构件转化为后续方案比较的共同基底。A digital model of the concluding hall and adjoining spaces was developed from the museum’s floor and roof CAD drawings, panoramic imagery and site photographs. It includes the entrance, message area, peace-themed display wall, bridge and overhead boundaries, providing a shared spatial base for subsequent comparisons.

在现场问题与文献梳理的基础上，将空间条件归纳为围合形式、顶部界面、互动姿态、整体布局、界面通透性、几何形态与材质肌理七类属性。D-optimal 实验设计从 648 种可能组合中选出 60 个方案，每个方案分别制作整体与近景视图，共形成 120 张灰模刺激图。Drawing on site observations and the literature, seven attributes describe enclosure, overhead boundaries, interaction posture, overall layout, visual permeability, geometry and material texture. A D-optimal design selects 60 alternatives from 648 possible combinations. Each alternative is rendered from an overall and a close-up viewpoint, producing 120 clay-render stimuli.

整体视图用于识别布局、通行与交互区的空间关系，近景视图呈现局部围合、装置和肌理。渲染统一视角、光照与色彩设置，材质差异以灰度肌理表达；声学因素另设问卷条目。Overall views show relationships between layout, circulation and the interaction area, while close-up views communicate local enclosure, the interaction installation and texture. Camera, lighting and colour settings are standardised, with material differences represented through grayscale textures. Acoustic factors are addressed in separate questionnaire items.

首轮问卷面向纪念馆现场观众，在参观情境中通过电子问卷呈现选择任务。每题包含“方案 A”“方案 B”与“都不愿意”三个选项，以整体和近景图配合展示空间差异；两个方案共有的属性在题面中弱化，便于观众聚焦真正需要权衡的条件。The first-round questionnaire is designed for visitors on site at the museum, using an electronic questionnaire to present choice tasks within the visit context. Each task offers Alternative A, Alternative B and neither, with overall and close-up images showing spatial differences. Shared attributes are visually deemphasised so visitors can focus on the conditions that differ between alternatives.

方案 A · P14Alternative A · P14

方案 B · P04Alternative B · P04

对比项Attribute	方案 AAlternative A	方案 BAlternative B
围合方式Enclosure	四面围合Enclosed on four sides	四面围合Enclosed on four sides
操作姿势Interaction posture	站立平视操作Standing, eye-level interaction	弯腰俯身操作Bending forward to interact
隔断通透Partition transparency	半透（竖向格栅）Semi-transparent (vertical slats)	完全透明（玻璃）Fully transparent (glass)
形状Shape	方正、有棱角Rectilinear, with angular edges	方正、有棱角Rectilinear, with angular edges
材质Material	木材材质Wood	水泥材质Cement
设备位置Installation layout	两两一组Arranged in pairs	靠墙布置Positioned along the wall
头顶情况Overhead condition	透光顶棚Light-transmitting canopy	头顶完全开放（同现状）Fully open overhead (existing condition)

两方案相同（聚焦其余项）：围合方式、形状Shared features (focus on the other attributes): enclosure and shape

方案 AAlternative A方案 BAlternative B都不愿意Neither

60 个方案组成 30 道选择题，分为 6 组。每位参与者完成其中一组的 5 道题，其中 4 道用于模型估计，1 道为留出检验题。设计同时关注四组属性交互：围合形式与顶部界面、围合形式与界面通透性、整体布局与互动姿态，以及顶部界面与互动姿态，用于考察空间条件组合后如何共同影响选择。The 60 alternatives form 30 choice tasks arranged in six blocks. Each participant completes one block of five tasks: four for model estimation and one hold-out task. The design also examines four attribute interactions: enclosure with overhead boundaries, enclosure with permeability, layout with interaction posture, and overhead boundaries with interaction posture, to investigate how combinations of spatial conditions influence choice.

完整问卷依次包含知情同意与背景信息、空间选择任务、声学偏好、属性关注与当下情绪条目，并以创伤知情的方式收尾。题目采用“沉淀情绪”等中性措辞，避免预设观众应当感到愉悦或平静。现场数据收集完成后，将通过选择模型估计属性效用及交互作用，为后续原型筛选提供依据。The complete questionnaire covers informed consent and background information, spatial choice tasks, acoustic preferences, attribute attention and current emotional state, followed by a trauma-informed closing. Neutral wording such as “reflect on emotions” avoids assuming that visitors should feel happy or calm. Following field data collection, choice models will estimate attribute utilities and interactions to inform prototype selection.

场地基底模型、空间属性与选择任务设计、120 张灰模刺激图已完成。完整电子问卷及纪念馆现场工作材料均已备齐，待馆方批准后开展现场施测。The site model, spatial attributes, choice-task design and 120 clay-render stimuli are complete. The full electronic questionnaire and museum fieldwork materials are ready, with on-site administration awaiting museum approval.

下一步将进行现场数据收集与偏好分析，随后推进空间原型筛选、正式 VR 评估与群体仿真。已完成的交互式 VR 先导研究和自主开发的数据集成平台，为后续实验提供场景搭建、过程监控和数据管理方面的基础。The next steps are field data collection and preference analysis, followed by spatial prototype selection, formal VR evaluation and crowd simulation. The completed interactive VR pilot and independently developed data integration platform provide a foundation for scene development, experiment monitoring and data management.

2025年5—7月，全程参与工作室开展的纪念馆“空间—情绪—行为”关联性验证研究，在不同展馆协助收集观众的主观情绪与行为问卷、客观视频观测资料、物理环境参数及全景影像。研究将观众自述、现场行为记录与空间环境信息相结合，为后续分析展馆空间与观众体验之间的关系建立资料基础。持续的现场调查也加深了我对纪念馆展陈组织、观众活动及实际参观情境的理解。From May to July 2025, I participated throughout the studio’s study of relationships among space, emotion and behaviour in a memorial museum. Across exhibition halls, I helped collect visitor questionnaires on emotions and behaviour, video observations, physical environmental measurements and panoramic images. Combining self-reports, observed behaviour and spatial information established a basis for analysing relationships between exhibition spaces and visitor experience. Sustained fieldwork also deepened my understanding of exhibition organisation, visitor activity and the actual context of museum visits.

基于2025年现场研究收集的情绪状态与行为问卷，借助SPSS与AMOS开展验证性因子分析和结构方程模型分析，将展览感知质量、沉浸式观展行为及情绪—行为转化效能与不同类型的情绪体验联系起来。分析重点关注观众与展品互动等参与行为，以及这些行为与情感体验之间的关联。模型结果为理解纪念馆中的交互参与提供了数据依据，也为后续围绕具体空间条件和交互方式开展研究提供了线索。Using the emotion and behaviour questionnaires collected during the 2025 field study, I conducted confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling with SPSS and AMOS. The analysis examined relationships between emotional experience and perceived exhibition quality, immersive viewing behaviour, and a construct labelled “emotion-to-behaviour translation efficacy”. It focused on participation, including interaction with exhibits, and its relationships with emotional experience. The model results informed the understanding of visitor interaction in the memorial museum and provided directions for subsequent research on specific spatial conditions and forms of interaction.